REFINERY PROCESS MODELING - A Practical Guide to Steady State Modeling of Petroleum Processes
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Steady State Simulation ........ ......... 1
1.1 The Steady State Process 1
1.2 Dynamic Simulation 2
1.3 Steady State Simulation Program Features 3
1.3.1 Pure Component Data Library 3
1.3.2 Non-Library Components 4
1.3.3 Thermodynamic Methods; 4
1.3.4 Physical and Transport Properties 5
1.3.5 Simulated Laboratory Tests 5
1.3.6 Unit Operation Calculations 5
1.3.7 Special Flow Sheet Modules 6
1.3.8 Graphical Interface 7
1.4 Steady State Simulation Programs 7
Chapter 2 - Composition of Petroleum Refinery Feed Stocks 10
2.1 Crude Oil Properties 10
2.2 Crude Oil Composition 13
2.3 Crude Oil Assay 13
2.4 Crude Oil Blending 14
Chapter 3 - Laboratory Testing of Petroleum Streams 16
3.1 True Boiling Point Distillation (TBP) 16
3.2 ASTM D86 Distillation 17
3.3 ASTM Dl 160 Distillation 18
3.4 API Gravity ; 19
3.5 Reid Vapor Pressure (R.V.P.) .•: 19
3.6 Chromatographic Simulated Distillations 20
3.7 Flash Point 22
3.8 Pour Point 22
3.9 Viscosity 23
3.10 Octanes 23
3.11 Cetane 23
Chapter 4 - Developing Petroleum Pseudo-components 25
4.1 Pseudo-component Normal Boiling Points 25
- 4.1.1 Conversion ofD86 Distillations 26
4.1.1.1 D86 Cracking Corrections
4.1.2 Conversion of Dl 160 Distillations 29
4.1.3 Conversion of Simulated Distillations 29
4.1.4 Selection of TBP Cut-point Ranges 31
4.2 Development of Pseudo-component Gravities 33
4.3 Development of Pseudo-component Molecular Weights 35
4.4 Pseudo-component Enthalpies and Critical Properties 36
Chapter 5 - Limitations of Petroleum Pseudo-components.- 37
.5.1 Prediction of Laboratory Distillations 37
5.2 Prediction of True Stream Composition 38
5.3 Simulation of Refinery Reactors 39
5.4 Simulation of Laboratory Tests 40
Chapter 6 - Thermodynamics for Petroleum Calculations , ...43
6.1 Equilibrium K Values 43
6.2 Effect of Non-Hydrocarbons on K values 44
6.3 Hydro carbon-Water Systems 45
6.4 Enthalpies 46
6.5 Recommended Methods for Petroleum Systems 46
6.6 Thermodynamic "Rules of Thumb" 48
Chapter 7 - Practical Distillation Principles 52
7.1 Theoretical Considerations 52
7.1.1 lnside-out Distillation Algorithm 53
7.1.2 Column Conventions 54
7.1.3 Initial Solution Estimates 56
7.1.4 Non-converged Column Solutions 56
7.2 Simulation of Existing Columns 58
7.2.1 Gathering the Information 58
7.2.2 Defining the Separation Zones 59
7.2.3 Translation of Actual trays to Theoretical Trays 64
7.2.4 Defining Performance Specifications 67
7.2.5 Tray Rating 71
7.3 Troubleshooting Actual Columns 72
7.3.1 Difficulties Matching Real Column Operations 72
7.3.2 Diagnosis of Column Operational Problems 76
Chapter S - Crude Distillation ...81
8.1 Crude Distillation Units General Information 82
8.1.1 Process Description 83
8.1.2 Typical Ope.ations and Control 87
8.1.3 Schemes to Increase Crude Processing Capacity 90
8.1.3.1 Main Column Considerations 90
8.1.3.2 Furnace Capacity Considerations 93
8.2 Crude Distillation Units: Simulation of Existing Columns 95
8.2.1 Definition of the Crude Oil 95
8.2.1.1 Crude Assay Data 95
8.2.1.2 Crude Oil Data from Product Blending 98
8.2.2. Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 1
8.2.3 Translation of Actual Trays to Theoretical Trays 108
8.2.3.1 Main Column Stripping Zone
8.2.3.2 Main Column Flash Zone 109
8.2.3.3 Main Column Wash Zone 110
8.2.3.4 Pumparound Zones 110
8.2.3.5 Side Product Draw Zones.; 112
8.2.3.6 Top Section ofMain Column 112 ■
8.2.3.7 Side Stripping Columns 113
8.2.4 Crude Column Overhead System 113
5.2.4 Solution Techniques: Inside/Out Column Algorithm 114
8.2.5.1 Initial Estimates 115
8.2.5.2 Initial Model Phase 115
8.2.5.3 Tuning the Model 116
Chapter 9 - Vacuum Distillation 119
9.1 Vacuum Distillation: General Information 119
9.1.1 Process Description 119
9.1.2 Typical Operations and Control 123
9.2 Vacuum Distillation Units: Simulation of Existing Columns 129
9.2.1 Definition of the Topped Crude Oil 129
9.2.1.1 Crude Assay Data ; 130
9.2.1.2 Topped Crude Oil Data from Product Blending 130
9.2.1.3 Molecular Weight Estimation 131
9.2.2 Adjustments to the Topped Crude Oil 131
9.2.3 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data :..T 134
9.2.4 Translation of Actual Configuration to Theoretical trays 135
9.2.4.1 Steam Stripping Zone for Wet Vacuum Units 136
9 2.4.2 Boot Cooler Circuits 136
9.2.4.3 Light Gas Oil Zone 137
9.2.4.4 Heavy Gas Oil Zone 138
9.2.4.5 Wash Grid and Flash Zone 138
9.2.5 Solution Techniques: Inside/ Out Algorithm 140
9 2.5.1 Initial Estimates 141
„ --- 141
10.1 Reactor Processes- Generallnformation 148
10.1.1 Catalytic Cracking „ -....150
10.1.2 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating 153
10.1.2.1 Hydrocracking '.-153
10.1.2.2 Hydrotreating 157
10.1.3 Reforming and Isomerization 160
10.1.3.1 Catalytic Reforming.....' 160
10.1.3.2 Isomerization 164
10.1.4 Alkylation and Polymerization , 167
10.1.4.1 Alkylation 167
10.1.4.2 Catalytic Polymerization 172
10.1.5 Thermal and Coking f. , 174
10.1.5.1 Visbreaking 174
10.1.5.2 Coking , 178
10.1.6 Hydrogen Plants 181
10.1.7 Ether Processes 183
10.1.7.1 MTBE Processes 183
10.1.7.2 TAME Processes 186
10.2 Reactor Processes: Simulation Techniques 188
10.2.1 Black Box Reactor Model 188
10.2.2 Modified Black Box Reactor 190
10.2.3 Empirical Predictive Reactor 193
10.2.4 Free Energy Minimization Reactor (Gibbs) 196
10.2.5 Equilibrium Reactor 198
10.2.6 Stoichiometric Conversion Reactor 200
Chapter 11 - FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) Processes 204
11.1 FCC Processes: Genera! Information 204
11.1.1 Process Description 205
11:1.2 Typical Operations and Control 207
11.1.2.1 FCC Reactors 208
11.1.2.2 Main Fractionators 208
11.1.2.3 Slurry Strippers 211
U. 1.2.4 FCC Gasoline Splitters.... ".. 212
11.1.2.5 FCC Gas Plants 212
11.2 FCC Processes: Simulation of Existing Units 217
11.2.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 217
11.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 220
11.2.3 Reactor Modeling 222
11.2.4 Main Fractionator 223
11.2.4.1 Quench (Desuperheating) Zone 224
1124 2 Heavy Cycle Oil Zone 225
11.2.4.3 Light Cycle Oil Zone 226
11.2.4.4 Heavy Naphtha Zone 227
11.2.4.5 Overhead System 228
11.2.5 Gas Plant Columns : 229
11.2.5.1 Primary Absorber 229
11.2.5.2 Stripper 230
11.2.5.3 Secondary Absorber 230
11.2.5.4 Stabilizer 231
11.2.5.5 C3/C4 Splitter 23]
11.2.6 Recycle Loops 232
11.2.6.1 Recycle Estimates 232
11.2.7 Solution Techniques: Inside/Out Column Algorithm 233
11.2.7.1 Initial Estimates: Main Fractionator 233
1 i.2.7.2 Initial Estimates: FCC Gas Plant Columns 233
11.2.7.3 Initial Model Phase 234
11.2.7.4 Tuning the Model 234
Chapter 12 - Catalytic Reforming Processes 236
12.1 Catalytic Reforming Processes: General Information 236
12.1.1 Process Description 237
12.1.2 Typical Operations and Control 239
12.1.3 Catalytic Reformer Reactors 241
12.1.4 Reformer Separator Operations 242
12.1.5 Stabilizer Tower Operations 242
12.2 Catalytic Reforming Processes: Simulation ofExisting Units 243
12.2.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 243
12.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 245
12.2.3 Reactor Modeling 246
12.2.4 Stabilizer Modeling 248
12.2.5 Recycle Loops 248
12.2.5.1 Recycle Estimate 249
12.2.6 CCR Catalyst Systems 249
12.2.7 Solution Techniques 249
12.2.7.1 Blocked Operations 250
Chapter 13 - Hydrogen Processes , .251
13.1 Hydrotreating Processes; General Information 251
13.1.1 Hydrotreating: Process Description 252
13.1.2 Typical Operations and Control 253
13 13 Hydrotreating Reactors 255
13.1.4 Separators/Gas Treating 255
13 15 Product Stabilizers (Strippers) 256
13 2 Hydrotreating Processes: Simulation ofExisting Units 256
13.2 1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 256
13.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 258
13.2.3 Reactor Modeling 260
13.2.4 Modeling Separators/Gas Treating 262
Modeling Stabilizer (Stripper) Columns 262
13.2.6 Recycle / Purge Gas Calculations 263
13.2.6.1 Initial Estimate for Recycle Hydrogen 264
13.2.7 Solution Techniques 265
13.2.7.1 Blocked Operations 265
13.3 Hydrocracking Processes: General Information 266
13.3.1 Hydrocracking: Process Description 266
13.3.2 Typical Operations and Control 267
13.3.3 Hydrocracking Reactors 269
13.3.4- Separators/ Gas Treating 269
13.3.5 Quench Hydrogen 270
13.3.6 Product Separation 270
13.4 Hydrocracking Processes: Simulation of Existing units ,. 270
13.4.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 271
13.4.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 272
13.4.3 Reactor Modeling 274
13.4.3.1 Heat of Reaction 276
13.4.3.2 Reactor Calculations for the Design Case 277
13.4.4 Modeling Separators/Gas Treating 279
13.4.5 Modeling Fractionation Columns 279
13.4.6 Pvecycle / Purge Gas Calculations 280
13.4.6.1 Initial Estimate for Recycle Hydrogen 280
13.4.6.2 Recycle/Quench Hydrogen Techniques 281
13.4.7 Solution Techniques 282
13.4.7.1 Blocked Operations 282
13 5 Hydrogen Plants: General Information 283
13.5.1 Hydrogen Plants: Process Description 283
13.5.2 Typical Operation and Control 284
13.5.3 Hydrogen Plant Reactors 286
13.5.4 Energy Recovery 287
13 6 Hydrogen Plants'. Simulation of Existing Units 288
13.6.1 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 288
13.6.2 Modeling Reactors in Hydrogen Plants 289
13.6.3 Modeling Amine Treaters 290
13.6.4 Modeling PSA Units :.:290
13.6.5 Steam/ Water Systems 290
Chapter 14 - Thermal Processes .., 292
14.1 Visbreaking: General Information 292
1- 1.1 Visbreaking; Process Description 293
1- 1.2 Typical Operations and Control 294
1-1.3 Visbreaking Reactions 296
14.2 Product Separation 296
14.2 Visbreakihg Processes: Simulation of Existing Processes 296
14.2.1 Definition of the Soaker Outlet 297
14.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data: 298
14.2.3 Reaction Modeling 299
14.2.4 Modeling Fractionator Columns 300
14.3 Delayed Coking: General Information 301
14.3.1 Delayed Coking; Process Description 301
14.3.2 Typical Operation and Control 302
14.3.3 Coking Reactions _ 303
14.3.4 Product Separation 303
' 14.4 Coking: Simulation of Existing Processes ., 304
14.4.1 Definition of the Coke Drum Outlet (Reactor Effluent) 304
14.4.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data: 307
14.4.3 Reaction Modeling ,. 308
14.4.4 Modeling Main Columns 309
Chapter 15 - Alkyiation Processes..., 311
15.1 Alkyiation Processes: General Information 3 11
15.2 Alkyiation Processes: Process Description 311
15.2.1 Process Description: HF Alkyiation Units 313
15.2.2 Process Description: H2SO4 Alkyiation Units 315
15 3 Alkyiation Processes: Typical Operations and Control 3 18
15 3.1 Typical Operations and Control: HF Processes 31S
15,3,2 Typical Operations and Control: H2SO4 Processes 319
15 4 Alkyiation Reactors 321
15.4.1 Reactors: HF Processes 321
15.4.2 Reactors: H2SO4 Processes 322
15.5 Product Separation 322
15 6 Alkyiation Processes: Simulation of Existing Units 323
15.6.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 323
! 5.6.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data v 326
15 6.3 Reactor Modeling ; 328
15.6.3.1 HF Reactors 329
15.6.3.2 H2SO4 Reactors : 329
15.6.4 Modeling the Acid Systems 33 I
1 5.6.5 Modeling of Distillation Columns 333
15 6.5.1 Propane HF Strippers 333
15.6.5.2 Depropanizers 335
15 6.5,3 Deisobutanizers in H2SO4 Processes 335
15.6.5.4 Isostrippers in HF Processes 336
15.6.5.5 Debutanizers 337
15.6.5 6 Alkylate Splitters 337
15 6.6 Modeling of Recycles 338
Chapter 16 - Miscellaneous Processes r..,~V. .7. 341
16.1 Processes That May Be Modeled with Commercial Simulators 341
■ 16.1.1 Catalytic Polymerization 341
16.1.1.1 Catalytic Polymerization: General Information 342
16.1.1.2 Catalytic Polymerization: Simulation Techniques 343
16.1.2 MTBE Processes 344
16.1.2.1 MTBE Processes: General Information 345
16.1.2.2 MTBE Processes: Simulation Techniques 347
16.1.3 TAME Processes 349
16.1.3.1 TAME Processes: General Information 350
16.1.3.2 TAME Processes: Simulation Techniques 351
1(571.4 Amine Treaters 352
16.1.4.1 Amine treaters: General Information 352
16.1.4.2 Amine Treaters: Simulation Techniques 356
16.2 Processes for Which Commercial Simulators Are Inadequate 358
16.2.1 Asphalt Processes 359
16.2.2 Lubricating Oil Processes 359
16.2.3 Aromatic Extraction 360
16.2.4 Chemical Treatment Processes 360
16.2.5 Diffusion/ Adsorption Processes 361
Appendix A - Glossary .. 363
Appendix B - References 379
Appendix C - Subject Index „ 387
Biography of Author .....397
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REFINERY PROCESS MODELING
A Practical Guide to Steady State Modeling of Petroleum Processes
(Using Commercial Simulators)
First Edition
Gerald L. Kaes
Consulting Chemical Engineer
Chemical Process Simulation
Colbert, Georgia
A Practical Guide to Steady State Modeling of Petroleum Processes
(Using Commercial Simulators)
First Edition
Gerald L. Kaes
Consulting Chemical Engineer
Chemical Process Simulation
Colbert, Georgia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Steady State Simulation ........ ......... 1
1.1 The Steady State Process 1
1.2 Dynamic Simulation 2
1.3 Steady State Simulation Program Features 3
1.3.1 Pure Component Data Library 3
1.3.2 Non-Library Components 4
1.3.3 Thermodynamic Methods; 4
1.3.4 Physical and Transport Properties 5
1.3.5 Simulated Laboratory Tests 5
1.3.6 Unit Operation Calculations 5
1.3.7 Special Flow Sheet Modules 6
1.3.8 Graphical Interface 7
1.4 Steady State Simulation Programs 7
Chapter 2 - Composition of Petroleum Refinery Feed Stocks 10
2.1 Crude Oil Properties 10
2.2 Crude Oil Composition 13
2.3 Crude Oil Assay 13
2.4 Crude Oil Blending 14
Chapter 3 - Laboratory Testing of Petroleum Streams 16
3.1 True Boiling Point Distillation (TBP) 16
3.2 ASTM D86 Distillation 17
3.3 ASTM Dl 160 Distillation 18
3.4 API Gravity ; 19
3.5 Reid Vapor Pressure (R.V.P.) .•: 19
3.6 Chromatographic Simulated Distillations 20
3.7 Flash Point 22
3.8 Pour Point 22
3.9 Viscosity 23
3.10 Octanes 23
3.11 Cetane 23
Chapter 4 - Developing Petroleum Pseudo-components 25
4.1 Pseudo-component Normal Boiling Points 25
- 4.1.1 Conversion ofD86 Distillations 26
4.1.1.1 D86 Cracking Corrections
4.1.2 Conversion of Dl 160 Distillations 29
4.1.3 Conversion of Simulated Distillations 29
4.1.4 Selection of TBP Cut-point Ranges 31
4.2 Development of Pseudo-component Gravities 33
4.3 Development of Pseudo-component Molecular Weights 35
4.4 Pseudo-component Enthalpies and Critical Properties 36
Chapter 5 - Limitations of Petroleum Pseudo-components.- 37
.5.1 Prediction of Laboratory Distillations 37
5.2 Prediction of True Stream Composition 38
5.3 Simulation of Refinery Reactors 39
5.4 Simulation of Laboratory Tests 40
Chapter 6 - Thermodynamics for Petroleum Calculations , ...43
6.1 Equilibrium K Values 43
6.2 Effect of Non-Hydrocarbons on K values 44
6.3 Hydro carbon-Water Systems 45
6.4 Enthalpies 46
6.5 Recommended Methods for Petroleum Systems 46
6.6 Thermodynamic "Rules of Thumb" 48
Chapter 7 - Practical Distillation Principles 52
7.1 Theoretical Considerations 52
7.1.1 lnside-out Distillation Algorithm 53
7.1.2 Column Conventions 54
7.1.3 Initial Solution Estimates 56
7.1.4 Non-converged Column Solutions 56
7.2 Simulation of Existing Columns 58
7.2.1 Gathering the Information 58
7.2.2 Defining the Separation Zones 59
7.2.3 Translation of Actual trays to Theoretical Trays 64
7.2.4 Defining Performance Specifications 67
7.2.5 Tray Rating 71
7.3 Troubleshooting Actual Columns 72
7.3.1 Difficulties Matching Real Column Operations 72
7.3.2 Diagnosis of Column Operational Problems 76
Chapter S - Crude Distillation ...81
8.1 Crude Distillation Units General Information 82
8.1.1 Process Description 83
8.1.2 Typical Ope.ations and Control 87
8.1.3 Schemes to Increase Crude Processing Capacity 90
8.1.3.1 Main Column Considerations 90
8.1.3.2 Furnace Capacity Considerations 93
8.2 Crude Distillation Units: Simulation of Existing Columns 95
8.2.1 Definition of the Crude Oil 95
8.2.1.1 Crude Assay Data 95
8.2.1.2 Crude Oil Data from Product Blending 98
8.2.2. Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 1
8.2.3 Translation of Actual Trays to Theoretical Trays 108
8.2.3.1 Main Column Stripping Zone
8.2.3.2 Main Column Flash Zone 109
8.2.3.3 Main Column Wash Zone 110
8.2.3.4 Pumparound Zones 110
8.2.3.5 Side Product Draw Zones.; 112
8.2.3.6 Top Section ofMain Column 112 ■
8.2.3.7 Side Stripping Columns 113
8.2.4 Crude Column Overhead System 113
5.2.4 Solution Techniques: Inside/Out Column Algorithm 114
8.2.5.1 Initial Estimates 115
8.2.5.2 Initial Model Phase 115
8.2.5.3 Tuning the Model 116
Chapter 9 - Vacuum Distillation 119
9.1 Vacuum Distillation: General Information 119
9.1.1 Process Description 119
9.1.2 Typical Operations and Control 123
9.2 Vacuum Distillation Units: Simulation of Existing Columns 129
9.2.1 Definition of the Topped Crude Oil 129
9.2.1.1 Crude Assay Data ; 130
9.2.1.2 Topped Crude Oil Data from Product Blending 130
9.2.1.3 Molecular Weight Estimation 131
9.2.2 Adjustments to the Topped Crude Oil 131
9.2.3 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data :..T 134
9.2.4 Translation of Actual Configuration to Theoretical trays 135
9.2.4.1 Steam Stripping Zone for Wet Vacuum Units 136
9 2.4.2 Boot Cooler Circuits 136
9.2.4.3 Light Gas Oil Zone 137
9.2.4.4 Heavy Gas Oil Zone 138
9.2.4.5 Wash Grid and Flash Zone 138
9.2.5 Solution Techniques: Inside/ Out Algorithm 140
9 2.5.1 Initial Estimates 141
„ --- 141
10.1 Reactor Processes- Generallnformation 148
10.1.1 Catalytic Cracking „ -....150
10.1.2 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating 153
10.1.2.1 Hydrocracking '.-153
10.1.2.2 Hydrotreating 157
10.1.3 Reforming and Isomerization 160
10.1.3.1 Catalytic Reforming.....' 160
10.1.3.2 Isomerization 164
10.1.4 Alkylation and Polymerization , 167
10.1.4.1 Alkylation 167
10.1.4.2 Catalytic Polymerization 172
10.1.5 Thermal and Coking f. , 174
10.1.5.1 Visbreaking 174
10.1.5.2 Coking , 178
10.1.6 Hydrogen Plants 181
10.1.7 Ether Processes 183
10.1.7.1 MTBE Processes 183
10.1.7.2 TAME Processes 186
10.2 Reactor Processes: Simulation Techniques 188
10.2.1 Black Box Reactor Model 188
10.2.2 Modified Black Box Reactor 190
10.2.3 Empirical Predictive Reactor 193
10.2.4 Free Energy Minimization Reactor (Gibbs) 196
10.2.5 Equilibrium Reactor 198
10.2.6 Stoichiometric Conversion Reactor 200
Chapter 11 - FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) Processes 204
11.1 FCC Processes: Genera! Information 204
11.1.1 Process Description 205
11:1.2 Typical Operations and Control 207
11.1.2.1 FCC Reactors 208
11.1.2.2 Main Fractionators 208
11.1.2.3 Slurry Strippers 211
U. 1.2.4 FCC Gasoline Splitters.... ".. 212
11.1.2.5 FCC Gas Plants 212
11.2 FCC Processes: Simulation of Existing Units 217
11.2.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 217
11.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 220
11.2.3 Reactor Modeling 222
11.2.4 Main Fractionator 223
11.2.4.1 Quench (Desuperheating) Zone 224
1124 2 Heavy Cycle Oil Zone 225
11.2.4.3 Light Cycle Oil Zone 226
11.2.4.4 Heavy Naphtha Zone 227
11.2.4.5 Overhead System 228
11.2.5 Gas Plant Columns : 229
11.2.5.1 Primary Absorber 229
11.2.5.2 Stripper 230
11.2.5.3 Secondary Absorber 230
11.2.5.4 Stabilizer 231
11.2.5.5 C3/C4 Splitter 23]
11.2.6 Recycle Loops 232
11.2.6.1 Recycle Estimates 232
11.2.7 Solution Techniques: Inside/Out Column Algorithm 233
11.2.7.1 Initial Estimates: Main Fractionator 233
1 i.2.7.2 Initial Estimates: FCC Gas Plant Columns 233
11.2.7.3 Initial Model Phase 234
11.2.7.4 Tuning the Model 234
Chapter 12 - Catalytic Reforming Processes 236
12.1 Catalytic Reforming Processes: General Information 236
12.1.1 Process Description 237
12.1.2 Typical Operations and Control 239
12.1.3 Catalytic Reformer Reactors 241
12.1.4 Reformer Separator Operations 242
12.1.5 Stabilizer Tower Operations 242
12.2 Catalytic Reforming Processes: Simulation ofExisting Units 243
12.2.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 243
12.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 245
12.2.3 Reactor Modeling 246
12.2.4 Stabilizer Modeling 248
12.2.5 Recycle Loops 248
12.2.5.1 Recycle Estimate 249
12.2.6 CCR Catalyst Systems 249
12.2.7 Solution Techniques 249
12.2.7.1 Blocked Operations 250
Chapter 13 - Hydrogen Processes , .251
13.1 Hydrotreating Processes; General Information 251
13.1.1 Hydrotreating: Process Description 252
13.1.2 Typical Operations and Control 253
13 13 Hydrotreating Reactors 255
13.1.4 Separators/Gas Treating 255
13 15 Product Stabilizers (Strippers) 256
13 2 Hydrotreating Processes: Simulation ofExisting Units 256
13.2 1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 256
13.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 258
13.2.3 Reactor Modeling 260
13.2.4 Modeling Separators/Gas Treating 262
Modeling Stabilizer (Stripper) Columns 262
13.2.6 Recycle / Purge Gas Calculations 263
13.2.6.1 Initial Estimate for Recycle Hydrogen 264
13.2.7 Solution Techniques 265
13.2.7.1 Blocked Operations 265
13.3 Hydrocracking Processes: General Information 266
13.3.1 Hydrocracking: Process Description 266
13.3.2 Typical Operations and Control 267
13.3.3 Hydrocracking Reactors 269
13.3.4- Separators/ Gas Treating 269
13.3.5 Quench Hydrogen 270
13.3.6 Product Separation 270
13.4 Hydrocracking Processes: Simulation of Existing units ,. 270
13.4.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 271
13.4.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 272
13.4.3 Reactor Modeling 274
13.4.3.1 Heat of Reaction 276
13.4.3.2 Reactor Calculations for the Design Case 277
13.4.4 Modeling Separators/Gas Treating 279
13.4.5 Modeling Fractionation Columns 279
13.4.6 Pvecycle / Purge Gas Calculations 280
13.4.6.1 Initial Estimate for Recycle Hydrogen 280
13.4.6.2 Recycle/Quench Hydrogen Techniques 281
13.4.7 Solution Techniques 282
13.4.7.1 Blocked Operations 282
13 5 Hydrogen Plants: General Information 283
13.5.1 Hydrogen Plants: Process Description 283
13.5.2 Typical Operation and Control 284
13.5.3 Hydrogen Plant Reactors 286
13.5.4 Energy Recovery 287
13 6 Hydrogen Plants'. Simulation of Existing Units 288
13.6.1 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data 288
13.6.2 Modeling Reactors in Hydrogen Plants 289
13.6.3 Modeling Amine Treaters 290
13.6.4 Modeling PSA Units :.:290
13.6.5 Steam/ Water Systems 290
Chapter 14 - Thermal Processes .., 292
14.1 Visbreaking: General Information 292
1- 1.1 Visbreaking; Process Description 293
1- 1.2 Typical Operations and Control 294
1-1.3 Visbreaking Reactions 296
14.2 Product Separation 296
14.2 Visbreakihg Processes: Simulation of Existing Processes 296
14.2.1 Definition of the Soaker Outlet 297
14.2.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data: 298
14.2.3 Reaction Modeling 299
14.2.4 Modeling Fractionator Columns 300
14.3 Delayed Coking: General Information 301
14.3.1 Delayed Coking; Process Description 301
14.3.2 Typical Operation and Control 302
14.3.3 Coking Reactions _ 303
14.3.4 Product Separation 303
' 14.4 Coking: Simulation of Existing Processes ., 304
14.4.1 Definition of the Coke Drum Outlet (Reactor Effluent) 304
14.4.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data: 307
14.4.3 Reaction Modeling ,. 308
14.4.4 Modeling Main Columns 309
Chapter 15 - Alkyiation Processes..., 311
15.1 Alkyiation Processes: General Information 3 11
15.2 Alkyiation Processes: Process Description 311
15.2.1 Process Description: HF Alkyiation Units 313
15.2.2 Process Description: H2SO4 Alkyiation Units 315
15 3 Alkyiation Processes: Typical Operations and Control 3 18
15 3.1 Typical Operations and Control: HF Processes 31S
15,3,2 Typical Operations and Control: H2SO4 Processes 319
15 4 Alkyiation Reactors 321
15.4.1 Reactors: HF Processes 321
15.4.2 Reactors: H2SO4 Processes 322
15.5 Product Separation 322
15 6 Alkyiation Processes: Simulation of Existing Units 323
15.6.1 Definition of the Reactor Effluent 323
! 5.6.2 Collection of Operating and Laboratory Data v 326
15 6.3 Reactor Modeling ; 328
15.6.3.1 HF Reactors 329
15.6.3.2 H2SO4 Reactors : 329
15.6.4 Modeling the Acid Systems 33 I
1 5.6.5 Modeling of Distillation Columns 333
15 6.5.1 Propane HF Strippers 333
15.6.5.2 Depropanizers 335
15 6.5,3 Deisobutanizers in H2SO4 Processes 335
15.6.5.4 Isostrippers in HF Processes 336
15.6.5.5 Debutanizers 337
15.6.5 6 Alkylate Splitters 337
15 6.6 Modeling of Recycles 338
Chapter 16 - Miscellaneous Processes r..,~V. .7. 341
16.1 Processes That May Be Modeled with Commercial Simulators 341
■ 16.1.1 Catalytic Polymerization 341
16.1.1.1 Catalytic Polymerization: General Information 342
16.1.1.2 Catalytic Polymerization: Simulation Techniques 343
16.1.2 MTBE Processes 344
16.1.2.1 MTBE Processes: General Information 345
16.1.2.2 MTBE Processes: Simulation Techniques 347
16.1.3 TAME Processes 349
16.1.3.1 TAME Processes: General Information 350
16.1.3.2 TAME Processes: Simulation Techniques 351
1(571.4 Amine Treaters 352
16.1.4.1 Amine treaters: General Information 352
16.1.4.2 Amine Treaters: Simulation Techniques 356
16.2 Processes for Which Commercial Simulators Are Inadequate 358
16.2.1 Asphalt Processes 359
16.2.2 Lubricating Oil Processes 359
16.2.3 Aromatic Extraction 360
16.2.4 Chemical Treatment Processes 360
16.2.5 Diffusion/ Adsorption Processes 361
Appendix A - Glossary .. 363
Appendix B - References 379
Appendix C - Subject Index „ 387
Biography of Author .....397
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#212/02/2009
Sao không thấy ai comment về quyển này. Thật là hay phải ko các bạn. Tuy scan hơi mờ nhưng cũng thật đầy đủ!
#313/02/2009
Cuốn này tớ mới đọc xong, vì tớ đang phụ trách FCCU củ nhà máy lọc dầu Long Sơn. Nói chung phần đấu oke, nhưng phần sau cũng tạm thôi. Phần đầu viết rất hay, chi tiết đầy đủ
#422/02/2009 (đã sửa)
Trời ơi, cái link mirror mới pót sao jờ die rùi. Thái ơi, coi lại dùm với
Hehe, nhưng cũng may là cái link of Rapid thì vẫn còn sài đc
P/S: à, cái ý tưởng message cho mọi người như vậy hay lắm đó, giảm đc thời gian tìm chủ đề mới, hehe. Cảm ơn Thái nhìu nghe.
Hehe, nhưng cũng may là cái link of Rapid thì vẫn còn sài đc
P/S: à, cái ý tưởng message cho mọi người như vậy hay lắm đó, giảm đc thời gian tìm chủ đề mới, hehe. Cảm ơn Thái nhìu nghe.
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