The Chemistry And Technology Of Petroleum
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Tên Sách : The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
Giới thiệu :
Tác giả : James G. Speight
Ngày post : 30th, July, 2007
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Table of Contents
Part I
History, Occurrence, and Recovery
Chapter 1
History and Terminology
1.1 Historical Perspectives
1.2 Modern Perspectives
1.3 Definitions and Terminology
1.4 Native Materials
1.4.1 Petroleum
1.4.2 Heavy Oil
1.4.3 Bitumen
1.4.4 Wax
1.4.5 Asphaltite
1.4.6 Asphaltoid
1.4.7 Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand
1.4.8 Kerogen
1.4.9 Natural Gas
1.5 Manufactured Materials
1.5.1 Wax
1.5.2 Residuum (Residua)
1.5.3 Asphalt
1.5.4 Tar and Pitch
1.5.5 Coke
1.5.6 Synthetic Crude Oil
1.6 Derived Materials
1.6.1 Asphaltenes, Carbenes, and Carboids
1.6.2 Resins and Oils
1.7 Oil Prices
1.7.1 Pricing Strategies
1.7.2 Oil Price History
1.7.3 Future of Oil
1.7.4 Epilog
References
Chapter 2
Classification
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification Systems
2.2.1 Classification as a Hydrocarbon Resource
2.2.2 Classification by Chemical Composition
2.2.3 Correlation Index
2.2.4 Density
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2.2.5 API Gravity
2.2.6 Viscosity
2.2.7 Carbon Distribution
2.2.8 Viscosity–Gravity Constant
2.2.9 UOP Characterization Factor
2.2.10 Recovery Method
2.2.11 Pour Point
2.3 Miscellaneous Systems
2.4 Reservoir Classification
2.4.1 Identification and Quantification
2.4.2 Future
References
Chapter 3
Origin and Occurrence
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Origin
3.2.1 Abiogenic Origin
3.2.2 Biogenic Origin
3.2.2.1 Deposition of Organic Matter
3.2.2.2 Establishment of Source Beds
3.2.2.3 Nature of the Source Material
3.2.2.4 Transformation of Organic Matter into Petroleum
3.2.2.5 Accumulation in Reservoir Sediments
3.2.2.6 In Situ Transformation of Petroleum
3.2.3 Differences between the Abiogenic Theory and the Biogenic Theory
3.2.4 Relationship of Petroleum Composition and Properties
3.3 Occurrence
3.3.1 Reserves
3.3.2 Conventional Petroleum
3.3.3 Natural Gas
3.3.4 Heavy Oil
3.3.5 Bitumen (Extra Heavy Oil)
References
Chapter 4
Kerogen
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties
4.3 Composition
4.4 Classification
4.5 Isolation
4.6 Methods for Probing Kerogen Structure
4.6.1 Ultimate (Elemental) Analysis
4.6.2 Functional Group Analysis
4.6.3 Oxidation
4.6.4 Thermal Methods
4.6.5 Acid-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis
4.7 Structural Models
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
4.8 Kerogen Maturation
References
Chapter 5
Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Exploration
5.2.1 Gravity Methods
5.2.2 Magnetic Methods
5.2.3 Seismic Methods
5.2.4 Electrical Methods
5.2.5 Electromagnetic Methods
5.2.6 Radioactive Methods
5.2.7 Borehole Logging
5.3 Drilling Operations
5.3.1 Preparing to Drill
5.3.2 Drilling Rig
5.3.3 Drilling Rig Components
5.3.4 Drilling
5.4 Well Completion
5.5 Recovery
5.5.1 Primary Recovery (Natural Methods)
5.5.2 Secondary Recovery
5.5.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.6 Products and Product Quality
5.7 Transportation
References
Chapter 6
Recovery of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Oil Mining
6.2.1 Tar Sand Mining
6.2.2 Hot-Water Process
6.2.3 Other Processes
6.3 Nonmining Methods
6.3.1 Steam-Based Processes
6.3.2 Combustion Processes
6.3.3 Other Processes
References
Part II
Composition and Properties
Chapter 7
Chemical Composition
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ultimate (Elemental) Composition
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
7.3 Chemical Components
7.3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents
7.3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbons
7.3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbons (Naphthenes)
7.3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
7.3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
7.3.2 Nonhydrocarbon Constituents
7.3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds
7.3.2.2 Oxygen Compounds
7.3.2.3 Nitrogen Compounds
7.3.2.4 Metallic Constituents
7.3.2.5 Porphyrins
7.4 Chemical Composition by Distillation
7.4.1 Gases and Naphtha
7.4.2 Middle Distillates
7.4.3 Vacuum Residua (10508Fþ)
References
Chapter 8
Fractional Composition
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Distillation
8.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure
8.2.2 Reduced Pressures
8.2.3 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation
8.3 Solvent Treatment
8.3.1 Asphaltene Separation
8.3.1.1 Influence of Solvent Type
8.3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution
8.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature
8.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time
8.3.2 Fractionation
8.4 Adsorption
8.4.1 Chemical Factors
8.4.2 Fractionation Methods
8.4.2.1 General Methods
8.4.2.2 ASTM Methods
8.5 Chemical Methods
8.5.1 Acid Treatment
8.5.2 Molecular Complex Formation
8.5.2.1 Urea Adduction
8.5.2.2 Thiourea Adduction
8.5.2.3 Adduct Composition
8.5.2.4 Adduct Structure
8.5.2.5 Adduct Properties
8.6 Use of the Data
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 9
Petroleum Analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Petroleum Assay
9.3 Physical Properties
9.3.1 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis
9.3.2 Density and Specific Gravity
9.3.3 Viscosity
9.3.4 Surface and Interfacial Tension
9.3.5 Metals Content
9.4 Thermal Properties
9.4.1 Volatility
9.4.2 Liquefaction and Solidification
9.4.3 Carbon Residue
9.4.4 Aniline Point
9.4.5 Specific Heat
9.4.6 Latent Heat
9.4.7 Enthalpy or Heat Content
9.4.8 Thermal Conductivity
9.4.9 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships
9.4.10 Heat of Combustion
9.4.11 Critical Properties
9.5 Electrical Properties
9.5.1 Conductivity
9.5.2 Dielectric Constant
9.5.3 Dielectric Strength
9.5.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor
9.5.5 Static Electrification
9.6 Optical Properties
9.6.1 Refractive Index
9.6.2 Optical Activity
9.7 Spectroscopic Methods
9.7.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
9.7.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
9.7.3 Mass Spectrometry
9.8 Chromatographic Methods
9.8.1 Gas Chromatography
9.8.2 Simulated Distillation
9.8.3 Adsorption Chromatography
9.8.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography
9.8.5 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
9.8.6 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
9.8.7 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
9.9 Molecular Weight
9.10 Use of the Data
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 10
Structural Group Analysis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methods for Structural Group Analysis
10.2.1 Physical Property Methods
10.2.1.1 Direct Method
10.2.1.2 Waterman Ring Analysis
10.2.1.3 Density Method
10.2.1.4 n.d.M. Method
10.2.1.5 Dispersion–Refraction Method
10.2.1.6 Density–Temperature Coefficient Method
10.2.1.7 Molecular Weight–Refractive Index Method
10.2.1.8 Miscellaneous Methods
10.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods
10.2.2.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
10.2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
10.2.2.3 Mass Spectrometry
10.2.2.4 Electron Spin Resonance
10.2.2.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
10.2.2.6 X-Ray Diffraction
10.2.3 Heteroatom Systems
10.2.3.1 Nitrogen
10.2.3.2 Oxygen
10.2.3.3 Sulfur
10.2.3.4 Metals
10.3 Miscellaneous Methods
References
Chapter 11
Asphaltene Constituents
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Separation
11.3 Composition
11.4 Molecular Weight
11.5 Reactions
11.6 Solubility Parameter
11.7 Structural Aspects
References
Chapter 12
Structure of Petroleum
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Molecular Species in Petroleum
12.2.1 Volatile Fractions
12.2.2 Resin Constituents
12.2.2.1 Composition
12.2.2.2 Resins (Structure)
12.2.2.3 Molecular Weight
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12.2.3 Nonvolatile Oils
12.2.3.1 Composition
12.2.3.2 Structure
12.2.3.3 Molecular Weight
12.3 Chemical and Physical Structure of Petroleum
12.4 Stability or Instability of the Crude Oil System
12.5 Effects on Recovery and Refining
12.5.1 Effects on Recovery Operations
12.5.2 Effects on Refining Operations
References
Chapter 13
Instability and Incompatibility
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Instability and Incompatibility in Petroleum
13.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility
13.3.1 Elemental Analysis
13.3.2 Density and Specific Gravity
13.3.3 Volatility
13.3.4 Viscosity
13.3.5 Asphaltene Content
13.3.6 Pour Point
13.3.7 Acidity
13.3.8 Metals (Ash) Content
13.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment
and Water (BS&W)
13.4 Methods for Determining Instability and Incompatibility
13.5 Effect of Asphaltene Constituents
References
Part III
Refining
Chapter 14
Introduction to Refining Processes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dewatering and Desalting
14.3 Early Processes
14.4 Distillation
14.4.1 Historical Development
14.4.2 Modern Processes
14.4.2.1 Atmospheric Distillation
14.4.2.2 Vacuum Distillation
14.4.2.3 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation
14.5 Thermal Methods
14.5.1 Historical Development
14.5.2 Modern Processes
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14.5.2.1 Thermal Cracking
14.5.2.2 Visbreaking
14.5.2.3 Coking
14.6 Catalytic Methods
14.6.1 Historical Development
14.6.2 Modern Processes
14.6.3 Catalysts
14.7 Hydroprocesses
14.7.1 Historical Development
14.7.2 Modern Processes
14.7.2.1 Hydrofining
14.8 Reforming
14.8.1 Historical Development
14.8.2 Modern Processes
14.8.2.1 Thermal Reforming
14.8.2.2 Catalytic Reforming
14.8.2.3 Catalysts
14.9 Isomerization
14.9.1 Historical Development
14.9.2 Modern Processes
14.9.3 Catalysts
14.10 Alkylation Processes
14.10.1 Historical Development
14.10.2 Modern Processes
14.10.3 Catalysts
14.11 Polymerization Processes
14.11.1 Historical Development
14.11.2 Modern Processes
14.11.3 Catalysts
14.12 Solvent Process
14.12.1 Deasphalting
14.12.2 Dewaxing
14.13 Refining Heavy Feedstocks
14.14 Petroleum Products
14.15 Petrochemicals
References
Chapter 15
Refining Chemistry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Cracking
15.2.1 Thermal Cracking
15.2.2 Catalytic Cracking
15.2.3 Dehydrogenation
15.2.4 Dehydrocyclization
15.3 Hydrogenation
15.3.1 Hydrocracking
15.3.2 Hydrotreating
15.4 Isomerization
15.5 Alkylation
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15.6 Polymerization
15.7 Process Chemistry
15.7.1 Thermal Chemistry
15.7.2 Hydroconversion Chemistry
15.7.3 Chemistry in the Refinery
15.7.3.1 Visbreaking
15.7.3.2 Hydroprocessing
References
Chapter 16
Distillation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Pretreatment
16.3 Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation
16.3.1 Atmospheric Distillation
16.3.2 Vacuum Distillation
16.4 Equipment
16.4.1 Columns
16.4.2 Packings
16.4.3 Trays
16.5 Other Processes
16.5.1 Stripping
16.5.2 Rerunning
16.5.3 Stabilization and Light End Removal
16.5.4 Superfractionation
16.5.5 Azeotropic Distillation
16.5.6 Extractive Distillation
16.5.7 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
References
Chapter 17
Thermal Cracking
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Early Processes
17.3 Commercial Processes
17.3.1 Visbreaking
17.3.2 Coking Processes
17.3.2.1 Delayed Coking
17.3.2.2 Fluid Coking
17.3.2.3 Flexicoking
17.3.3 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
17.3.3.1 Aquaconversion
17.3.3.2 Asphalt Coking Technology (ASCOT) Process
17.3.3.3 Comprehensive Heavy Ends
Reforming Refinery (Cherry-P) Process
17.3.3.4 Decarbonizing
17.3.3.5 ET-II Process
17.3.3.6 Eureka Process
17.3.3.7 Fluid Thermal Cracking (FTC) Process
17.3.3.8 High Conversion Soaker Cracking (HSC) Process
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17.3.3.9 Mixed-Phase Cracking
17.3.3.10 Naphtha Cracking
17.3.3.11 Selective Cracking
17.3.3.12 Shell Thermal Cracking
17.3.3.13 Tervahl T Process
17.3.3.14 Vapor-Phase Cracking
References
Chapter 18
Catalytic Cracking
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Early Processes
18.3 Commercial Processes
18.3.1 Fixed-Bed Processes
18.3.2 Fluid-Bed Processes
18.3.2.1 Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking
18.3.2.2 Model IV Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit
18.3.2.3 Orthoflow Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking
18.3.2.4 Shell Two-Stage Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking
18.3.2.5 Universal Oil Products (UOP) Fluid-Bed
Catalytic Cracking
18.3.3 Moving-Bed Processes
18.3.3.1 Airlift Thermofor Catalytic Cracking
(Socony Airlift TCC Process)
18.3.3.2 Houdresid Catalytic Cracking
18.3.3.3 Houdriflow Catalytic Cracking
18.3.3.4 Suspensoid Catalytic Cracking
18.3.4 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
18.3.4.1 Asphalt Residual Treating (ART) Process
18.3.4.2 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (HOC) Process
18.3.4.3 Heavy Oil Treating (HOT) Process
18.3.4.4 R2R Process
18.3.4.5 Reduced Crude Oil Conversion (RCC) Process
18.3.4.6 Shell FCC Process
18.3.4.7 S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process
18.4 Catalysts
18.4.1 Catalyst Treatment
18.4.1.1 Demet
18.4.1.2 Met-X
18.5 Process Parameters
18.5.1 Reactor
18.5.2 Coking
18.5.3 Catalyst Variables
18.5.4 Process Variables
18.5.5 Additives
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 19
Deasphalting and Dewaxing Processes
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Commercial Processes
19.2.1 Deasphalting Process
19.2.2 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
19.2.2.1 Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process
19.2.2.2 Demex Process
19.2.2.3 MDS Process
19.2.2.4 Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction
(ROSE) Process
19.2.2.5 Solvahl Process
19.2.2.6 Lube Deasphalting
19.3 Dewaxing Processes
References
Chapter 20
Hydrotreating and Desulfurization
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Process Parameters and Reactors
20.2.1 Hydrogen Partial Pressure
20.2.2 Space Velocity
20.2.3 Reaction Temperature
20.2.4 Catalyst Life
20.2.5 Feedstock Effects
20.2.6 Reactors
20.2.6.1 Downflow Fixed-Bed Reactor
20.2.6.2 Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor
20.2.6.3 Demetallization Reactor (Guard Bed Reactor)
20.3 Commercial Processes
20.3.1 Autofining
20.3.2 Ferrofining
20.3.3 Gulf-HDS
20.3.4 Hydrofining
20.3.5 Isomax
20.3.6 Ultrafining
20.3.7 Unifining
20.3.8 Unionfining
20.3.9 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
20.3.9.1 Residuum Desulfurization and Vacuum
Residuum Desulfurization Process
20.3.9.2 Residfining Process
20.4 Catalysts
20.5 Biodesulfurization
20.6 Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 21
Hydrocracking
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Commercial Processes
21.2.1 Process Design
21.2.1.1 Single-Stage and Two-Stage Options
21.2.2 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
21.2.2.1 Asphaltenic Bottom Cracking (ABC) Process
21.2.2.2 CANMET Hydrocracking Process
21.2.2.3 H-Oil Process
21.2.2.4 Hydrovisbreaking (HYCAR) Process
21.2.2.5 Hyvahl F Process
21.2.2.6 IFP Hydrocracking Process
21.2.2.7 Isocracking Process
21.2.2.8 LC-Fining Process
21.2.2.9 MAKfining Process
21.2.2.10 Microcat-RC Process
21.2.2.11 Mild Hydrocracking Process
21.2.2.12 MRH Process
21.2.2.13 RCD Unibon (BOC) Process
21.2.2.14 Residfining Process
21.2.2.15 Residue Hydroconversion (RHC) Process
21.2.2.16 Tervahl-H Process
21.2.2.17 Unicracking Process
21.2.2.18 Veba Combi Cracking Process
21.3 Catalysts
References
Chapter 22
Hydrogen Production
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen
22.2.1 Hydrotreating
22.2.2 Hydrocracking
22.3 Feedstocks
22.4 Process Chemistry
22.5 Commercial Processes
22.5.1 Heavy Residue Gasification and Combined
Cycle Power Generation
22.5.2 Hybrid Gasification Process
22.5.3 Hydrocarbon Gasification
22.5.4 Hypro Process
22.5.5 Pyrolysis Processes
22.5.6 Shell Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process
22.5.7 Steam–Methane Reforming
22.5.8 Steam–Naphtha Reforming
22.5.9 Synthesis Gas Generation
22.5.10 Texaco Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process
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22.6 Catalysts
22.6.1 Reforming Catalysts
22.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts
22.6.3 Methanation Catalysts
22.7 Hydrogen Purification
22.7.1 Wet Scrubbing
22.7.2 Pressure-Swing Adsorption Units
22.7.3 Membrane Systems
22.7.4 Cryogenic Separation
22.8 Hydrogen Management
References
Chapter 23
Product Improvement
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Reforming
23.2.1 Thermal Reforming
23.2.2 Catalytic Reforming
23.2.2.1 Fixed-Bed Processes
23.2.2.2 Moving-Bed Processes
23.2.2.3 Fluid-Bed Processes
23.3 Isomerization
23.3.1 Butamer Process
23.3.2 Butomerate Process
23.3.3 Hysomer Process
23.3.4 Iso-Kel Process
23.3.5 Isomate Process
23.3.6 Isomerate Process
23.3.7 Penex Process
23.3.8 Pentafining Process
23.4 Alkylation
23.4.1 Cascade Sulfuric Acid Alkylation
23.4.2 Hydrogen Fluoride Alkylation
23.5 Polymerization
23.5.1 Thermal Polymerization
23.5.2 Solid Phosphoric Acid Condensation
23.5.3 Bulk Acid Polymerization
23.6 Catalysts
23.6.1 Reforming Processes
23.6.2 Isomerization Processes
23.6.3 Alkylation Processes
23.6.4 Polymerization Processes
References
Chapter 24
Product Treating
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Commercial Processes
24.2.1 Caustic Processes
24.2.1.1 Dualayer Distillate Process
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24.2.1.2 Dualayer Gasoline Process
24.2.1.3 Electrolytic Mercaptan Process
24.2.1.4 Ferrocyanide Process
24.2.1.5 Lye Treatment
24.2.1.6 Mercapsol Process
24.2.1.7 Polysulfide Treatment
24.2.1.8 Sodasol Process
24.2.1.9 Solutizer Process
24.2.1.10 Steam Regenerative Caustic Treatment
24.2.1.11 Unisol Process
24.2.2 Acid Processes
24.2.2.1 Nalfining Process
24.2.2.2 Sulfuric Acid Treatment
24.2.3 Clay Processes
24.2.3.1 Alkylation Effluent Treatment
24.2.3.2 Arosorb Process
24.2.3.3 Bauxite Treatment
24.2.3.4 Continuous Contact Filtration Process
24.2.3.5 Cyclic Adsorption Process
24.2.3.6 Gray Clay Treatment
24.2.3.7 Percolation Filtration Process
24.2.3.8 Thermofor Continuous Percolation Process
24.2.4 Oxidative Processes
24.2.4.1 Bender Process
24.2.4.2 Copper Sweetening Process
24.2.4.3 Doctor Process
24.2.4.4 Hypochlorite Sweetening Process
24.2.4.5 Inhibitor Sweetening Process
24.2.4.6 Merox Process
24.2.5 Solvent Processes
24.2.5.1 Deasphalting
24.2.5.2 Solvent Refining
24.2.5.3 Dewaxing
References
Chapter 25
Gas Processing
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Gas Streams from Crude Oil
25.1.2 Gas Streams from Natural Gas
25.2 Gas Cleaning
25.3 Water Removal
25.3.1 Absorption
25.3.2 Solid Adsorbents
25.3.3 Use of Membranes
25.4 Liquids Removal
25.4.1 Extraction
25.4.2 Absorption
25.4.3 Fractionation of Natural Gas Liquids
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25.5 Nitrogen Removal
25.6 Acid Gas Removal
25.7 Enrichment
25.8 Fractionation
25.9 Claus Process
References
Chapter 26
Products
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Gaseous Fuels
26.2.1 Composition
26.2.2 Manufacture
26.2.3 Properties and Uses
26.3 Gasoline
26.3.1 Composition
26.3.2 Manufacture
26.3.3 Properties and Uses
26.3.4 Octane Numbers
26.3.5 Additives
26.4 Solvents (Naphtha)
26.4.1 Composition
26.4.2 Manufacture
26.4.3 Properties and Uses
26.5 Kerosene
26.5.1 Composition
26.5.2 Manufacture
26.5.3 Properties and Uses
26.6 Fuel Oil
26.7 Lubricating Oil
26.7.1 Composition
26.7.2 Manufacture
26.7.2.1 Chemical Refining Processes
26.7.2.2 Hydroprocessing
26.7.2.3 Solvent Refining Processes
26.7.2.4 Catalytic Dewaxing
26.7.2.5 Solvent Dewaxing
26.7.2.6 Finishing Processes
26.7.2.7 Older Processes
26.7.3 Properties and Uses
26.8 Other Oil Products
26.8.1 White Oil
26.8.2 Insulating Oil
26.8.3 Insecticides
26.9 Grease
26.9.1 Lime Soap
26.9.2 Soda Soap
26.9.3 Lithium and Barium Soap
26.9.4 Aluminum Soap
26.9.5 Cold Sett Grease
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26.10 Wax
26.10.1 Composition
26.10.2 Manufacture
26.10.3 Properties and Uses
26.11 Asphalt
26.11.1 Composition
26.11.2 Manufacture
26.11.3 Properties and Uses
26.12 Coke
26.13 Sulfonic Acids
26.14 Acid Sludge
26.15 Product Blending
References
Chapter 27
Petrochemicals
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Chemicals from Paraffins
27.2.1 Halogenation
27.2.2 Nitration
27.2.3 Oxidation
27.2.4 Alkylation
27.2.5 Thermolysis
27.3 Chemicals from Olefins
27.3.1 Hydroxylation
27.3.2 Halogenation
27.3.3 Polymerization
27.3.4 Oxidation
27.3.5 Miscellaneous
27.4 Chemicals from Aromatics
27.5 Chemicals from Acetylene
27.6 Chemicals from Natural Gas
27.7 Inorganic Petrochemicals
27.8 Synthesis Gas
References
Part IV
Environmental Issues
Chapter 28
Environmental Aspects of Refining
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Definitions
28.3 Environmental Regulations
28.3.1 Clean Air Act Amendments
28.3.2 Water Pollution Control Act (The Clean Water Act)
28.3.3 Safe Drinking Water Act
28.3.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
28.3.5 Toxic Substances Control Act
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28.3.6 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
28.3.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act
28.3.8 Oil Pollution Act
28.3.9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
28.4 Process Analysis
28.4.1 Gaseous Emissions
28.4.2 Liquid Effluents
28.4.3 Solid Effluents
28.5 Epilog
References
Chapter 29
Refinery Wastes
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Process Wastes
29.2.1 Desalting
29.2.2 Distillation
29.2.3 Thermal Cracking and Visbreaking
29.2.4 Coking Processes
29.2.5 Fluid Catalytic Cracking
29.2.6 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating
29.2.7 Catalytic Reforming
29.2.8 Alkylation
29.2.9 Isomerization
29.2.10 Polymerization
29.2.11 Deasphalting
29.2.12 Dewaxing
29.2.13 Gas Processing
29.3 Types of Waste
29.3.1 Gases and Lower Boiling Constituents
29.3.2 Higher Boiling Constituents
29.3.3 Wastewater
29.3.4 Solid Waste
29.4 Waste Toxicity
29.5 Refinery Outlook
29.5.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations
29.5.2 Regulatory Background
29.5.3 Requirements
29.6 Management of Refinery Waste
References
Chapter 30
Environmental Analysis
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Petroleum and Petroleum Products
30.3 Leachability and Toxicity
30.4 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
30.4.1 Gas Chromatographic Methods
30.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy Methods
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
30.4.3 Gravimetric Methods
30.4.4 Immunoassay Methods
30.5 Petroleum Group Analysis
30.5.1 Thin Layer Chromatography
30.5.2 Immunoassay
30.5.3 Gas Chromatography
30.5.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
30.5.5 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
30.6 Petroleum Fractions
30.7 Assessment of the Methods
References
Conversion Factors
Glossary
Tên Sách : The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
Giới thiệu :
Tác giả : James G. Speight
Ngày post : 30th, July, 2007
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Table of Contents
Part I
History, Occurrence, and Recovery
Chapter 1
History and Terminology
1.1 Historical Perspectives
1.2 Modern Perspectives
1.3 Definitions and Terminology
1.4 Native Materials
1.4.1 Petroleum
1.4.2 Heavy Oil
1.4.3 Bitumen
1.4.4 Wax
1.4.5 Asphaltite
1.4.6 Asphaltoid
1.4.7 Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand
1.4.8 Kerogen
1.4.9 Natural Gas
1.5 Manufactured Materials
1.5.1 Wax
1.5.2 Residuum (Residua)
1.5.3 Asphalt
1.5.4 Tar and Pitch
1.5.5 Coke
1.5.6 Synthetic Crude Oil
1.6 Derived Materials
1.6.1 Asphaltenes, Carbenes, and Carboids
1.6.2 Resins and Oils
1.7 Oil Prices
1.7.1 Pricing Strategies
1.7.2 Oil Price History
1.7.3 Future of Oil
1.7.4 Epilog
References
Chapter 2
Classification
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification Systems
2.2.1 Classification as a Hydrocarbon Resource
2.2.2 Classification by Chemical Composition
2.2.3 Correlation Index
2.2.4 Density
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2.2.5 API Gravity
2.2.6 Viscosity
2.2.7 Carbon Distribution
2.2.8 Viscosity–Gravity Constant
2.2.9 UOP Characterization Factor
2.2.10 Recovery Method
2.2.11 Pour Point
2.3 Miscellaneous Systems
2.4 Reservoir Classification
2.4.1 Identification and Quantification
2.4.2 Future
References
Chapter 3
Origin and Occurrence
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Origin
3.2.1 Abiogenic Origin
3.2.2 Biogenic Origin
3.2.2.1 Deposition of Organic Matter
3.2.2.2 Establishment of Source Beds
3.2.2.3 Nature of the Source Material
3.2.2.4 Transformation of Organic Matter into Petroleum
3.2.2.5 Accumulation in Reservoir Sediments
3.2.2.6 In Situ Transformation of Petroleum
3.2.3 Differences between the Abiogenic Theory and the Biogenic Theory
3.2.4 Relationship of Petroleum Composition and Properties
3.3 Occurrence
3.3.1 Reserves
3.3.2 Conventional Petroleum
3.3.3 Natural Gas
3.3.4 Heavy Oil
3.3.5 Bitumen (Extra Heavy Oil)
References
Chapter 4
Kerogen
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties
4.3 Composition
4.4 Classification
4.5 Isolation
4.6 Methods for Probing Kerogen Structure
4.6.1 Ultimate (Elemental) Analysis
4.6.2 Functional Group Analysis
4.6.3 Oxidation
4.6.4 Thermal Methods
4.6.5 Acid-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis
4.7 Structural Models
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
4.8 Kerogen Maturation
References
Chapter 5
Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Exploration
5.2.1 Gravity Methods
5.2.2 Magnetic Methods
5.2.3 Seismic Methods
5.2.4 Electrical Methods
5.2.5 Electromagnetic Methods
5.2.6 Radioactive Methods
5.2.7 Borehole Logging
5.3 Drilling Operations
5.3.1 Preparing to Drill
5.3.2 Drilling Rig
5.3.3 Drilling Rig Components
5.3.4 Drilling
5.4 Well Completion
5.5 Recovery
5.5.1 Primary Recovery (Natural Methods)
5.5.2 Secondary Recovery
5.5.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.6 Products and Product Quality
5.7 Transportation
References
Chapter 6
Recovery of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Oil Mining
6.2.1 Tar Sand Mining
6.2.2 Hot-Water Process
6.2.3 Other Processes
6.3 Nonmining Methods
6.3.1 Steam-Based Processes
6.3.2 Combustion Processes
6.3.3 Other Processes
References
Part II
Composition and Properties
Chapter 7
Chemical Composition
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ultimate (Elemental) Composition
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
7.3 Chemical Components
7.3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents
7.3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbons
7.3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbons (Naphthenes)
7.3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
7.3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
7.3.2 Nonhydrocarbon Constituents
7.3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds
7.3.2.2 Oxygen Compounds
7.3.2.3 Nitrogen Compounds
7.3.2.4 Metallic Constituents
7.3.2.5 Porphyrins
7.4 Chemical Composition by Distillation
7.4.1 Gases and Naphtha
7.4.2 Middle Distillates
7.4.3 Vacuum Residua (10508Fþ)
References
Chapter 8
Fractional Composition
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Distillation
8.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure
8.2.2 Reduced Pressures
8.2.3 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation
8.3 Solvent Treatment
8.3.1 Asphaltene Separation
8.3.1.1 Influence of Solvent Type
8.3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution
8.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature
8.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time
8.3.2 Fractionation
8.4 Adsorption
8.4.1 Chemical Factors
8.4.2 Fractionation Methods
8.4.2.1 General Methods
8.4.2.2 ASTM Methods
8.5 Chemical Methods
8.5.1 Acid Treatment
8.5.2 Molecular Complex Formation
8.5.2.1 Urea Adduction
8.5.2.2 Thiourea Adduction
8.5.2.3 Adduct Composition
8.5.2.4 Adduct Structure
8.5.2.5 Adduct Properties
8.6 Use of the Data
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 9
Petroleum Analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Petroleum Assay
9.3 Physical Properties
9.3.1 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis
9.3.2 Density and Specific Gravity
9.3.3 Viscosity
9.3.4 Surface and Interfacial Tension
9.3.5 Metals Content
9.4 Thermal Properties
9.4.1 Volatility
9.4.2 Liquefaction and Solidification
9.4.3 Carbon Residue
9.4.4 Aniline Point
9.4.5 Specific Heat
9.4.6 Latent Heat
9.4.7 Enthalpy or Heat Content
9.4.8 Thermal Conductivity
9.4.9 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships
9.4.10 Heat of Combustion
9.4.11 Critical Properties
9.5 Electrical Properties
9.5.1 Conductivity
9.5.2 Dielectric Constant
9.5.3 Dielectric Strength
9.5.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor
9.5.5 Static Electrification
9.6 Optical Properties
9.6.1 Refractive Index
9.6.2 Optical Activity
9.7 Spectroscopic Methods
9.7.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
9.7.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
9.7.3 Mass Spectrometry
9.8 Chromatographic Methods
9.8.1 Gas Chromatography
9.8.2 Simulated Distillation
9.8.3 Adsorption Chromatography
9.8.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography
9.8.5 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
9.8.6 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
9.8.7 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
9.9 Molecular Weight
9.10 Use of the Data
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 10
Structural Group Analysis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methods for Structural Group Analysis
10.2.1 Physical Property Methods
10.2.1.1 Direct Method
10.2.1.2 Waterman Ring Analysis
10.2.1.3 Density Method
10.2.1.4 n.d.M. Method
10.2.1.5 Dispersion–Refraction Method
10.2.1.6 Density–Temperature Coefficient Method
10.2.1.7 Molecular Weight–Refractive Index Method
10.2.1.8 Miscellaneous Methods
10.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods
10.2.2.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
10.2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
10.2.2.3 Mass Spectrometry
10.2.2.4 Electron Spin Resonance
10.2.2.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
10.2.2.6 X-Ray Diffraction
10.2.3 Heteroatom Systems
10.2.3.1 Nitrogen
10.2.3.2 Oxygen
10.2.3.3 Sulfur
10.2.3.4 Metals
10.3 Miscellaneous Methods
References
Chapter 11
Asphaltene Constituents
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Separation
11.3 Composition
11.4 Molecular Weight
11.5 Reactions
11.6 Solubility Parameter
11.7 Structural Aspects
References
Chapter 12
Structure of Petroleum
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Molecular Species in Petroleum
12.2.1 Volatile Fractions
12.2.2 Resin Constituents
12.2.2.1 Composition
12.2.2.2 Resins (Structure)
12.2.2.3 Molecular Weight
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
12.2.3 Nonvolatile Oils
12.2.3.1 Composition
12.2.3.2 Structure
12.2.3.3 Molecular Weight
12.3 Chemical and Physical Structure of Petroleum
12.4 Stability or Instability of the Crude Oil System
12.5 Effects on Recovery and Refining
12.5.1 Effects on Recovery Operations
12.5.2 Effects on Refining Operations
References
Chapter 13
Instability and Incompatibility
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Instability and Incompatibility in Petroleum
13.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility
13.3.1 Elemental Analysis
13.3.2 Density and Specific Gravity
13.3.3 Volatility
13.3.4 Viscosity
13.3.5 Asphaltene Content
13.3.6 Pour Point
13.3.7 Acidity
13.3.8 Metals (Ash) Content
13.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment
and Water (BS&W)
13.4 Methods for Determining Instability and Incompatibility
13.5 Effect of Asphaltene Constituents
References
Part III
Refining
Chapter 14
Introduction to Refining Processes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dewatering and Desalting
14.3 Early Processes
14.4 Distillation
14.4.1 Historical Development
14.4.2 Modern Processes
14.4.2.1 Atmospheric Distillation
14.4.2.2 Vacuum Distillation
14.4.2.3 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation
14.5 Thermal Methods
14.5.1 Historical Development
14.5.2 Modern Processes
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14.5.2.1 Thermal Cracking
14.5.2.2 Visbreaking
14.5.2.3 Coking
14.6 Catalytic Methods
14.6.1 Historical Development
14.6.2 Modern Processes
14.6.3 Catalysts
14.7 Hydroprocesses
14.7.1 Historical Development
14.7.2 Modern Processes
14.7.2.1 Hydrofining
14.8 Reforming
14.8.1 Historical Development
14.8.2 Modern Processes
14.8.2.1 Thermal Reforming
14.8.2.2 Catalytic Reforming
14.8.2.3 Catalysts
14.9 Isomerization
14.9.1 Historical Development
14.9.2 Modern Processes
14.9.3 Catalysts
14.10 Alkylation Processes
14.10.1 Historical Development
14.10.2 Modern Processes
14.10.3 Catalysts
14.11 Polymerization Processes
14.11.1 Historical Development
14.11.2 Modern Processes
14.11.3 Catalysts
14.12 Solvent Process
14.12.1 Deasphalting
14.12.2 Dewaxing
14.13 Refining Heavy Feedstocks
14.14 Petroleum Products
14.15 Petrochemicals
References
Chapter 15
Refining Chemistry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Cracking
15.2.1 Thermal Cracking
15.2.2 Catalytic Cracking
15.2.3 Dehydrogenation
15.2.4 Dehydrocyclization
15.3 Hydrogenation
15.3.1 Hydrocracking
15.3.2 Hydrotreating
15.4 Isomerization
15.5 Alkylation
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
15.6 Polymerization
15.7 Process Chemistry
15.7.1 Thermal Chemistry
15.7.2 Hydroconversion Chemistry
15.7.3 Chemistry in the Refinery
15.7.3.1 Visbreaking
15.7.3.2 Hydroprocessing
References
Chapter 16
Distillation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Pretreatment
16.3 Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation
16.3.1 Atmospheric Distillation
16.3.2 Vacuum Distillation
16.4 Equipment
16.4.1 Columns
16.4.2 Packings
16.4.3 Trays
16.5 Other Processes
16.5.1 Stripping
16.5.2 Rerunning
16.5.3 Stabilization and Light End Removal
16.5.4 Superfractionation
16.5.5 Azeotropic Distillation
16.5.6 Extractive Distillation
16.5.7 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
References
Chapter 17
Thermal Cracking
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Early Processes
17.3 Commercial Processes
17.3.1 Visbreaking
17.3.2 Coking Processes
17.3.2.1 Delayed Coking
17.3.2.2 Fluid Coking
17.3.2.3 Flexicoking
17.3.3 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
17.3.3.1 Aquaconversion
17.3.3.2 Asphalt Coking Technology (ASCOT) Process
17.3.3.3 Comprehensive Heavy Ends
Reforming Refinery (Cherry-P) Process
17.3.3.4 Decarbonizing
17.3.3.5 ET-II Process
17.3.3.6 Eureka Process
17.3.3.7 Fluid Thermal Cracking (FTC) Process
17.3.3.8 High Conversion Soaker Cracking (HSC) Process
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17.3.3.9 Mixed-Phase Cracking
17.3.3.10 Naphtha Cracking
17.3.3.11 Selective Cracking
17.3.3.12 Shell Thermal Cracking
17.3.3.13 Tervahl T Process
17.3.3.14 Vapor-Phase Cracking
References
Chapter 18
Catalytic Cracking
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Early Processes
18.3 Commercial Processes
18.3.1 Fixed-Bed Processes
18.3.2 Fluid-Bed Processes
18.3.2.1 Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking
18.3.2.2 Model IV Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit
18.3.2.3 Orthoflow Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking
18.3.2.4 Shell Two-Stage Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking
18.3.2.5 Universal Oil Products (UOP) Fluid-Bed
Catalytic Cracking
18.3.3 Moving-Bed Processes
18.3.3.1 Airlift Thermofor Catalytic Cracking
(Socony Airlift TCC Process)
18.3.3.2 Houdresid Catalytic Cracking
18.3.3.3 Houdriflow Catalytic Cracking
18.3.3.4 Suspensoid Catalytic Cracking
18.3.4 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
18.3.4.1 Asphalt Residual Treating (ART) Process
18.3.4.2 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (HOC) Process
18.3.4.3 Heavy Oil Treating (HOT) Process
18.3.4.4 R2R Process
18.3.4.5 Reduced Crude Oil Conversion (RCC) Process
18.3.4.6 Shell FCC Process
18.3.4.7 S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process
18.4 Catalysts
18.4.1 Catalyst Treatment
18.4.1.1 Demet
18.4.1.2 Met-X
18.5 Process Parameters
18.5.1 Reactor
18.5.2 Coking
18.5.3 Catalyst Variables
18.5.4 Process Variables
18.5.5 Additives
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 19
Deasphalting and Dewaxing Processes
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Commercial Processes
19.2.1 Deasphalting Process
19.2.2 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
19.2.2.1 Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process
19.2.2.2 Demex Process
19.2.2.3 MDS Process
19.2.2.4 Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction
(ROSE) Process
19.2.2.5 Solvahl Process
19.2.2.6 Lube Deasphalting
19.3 Dewaxing Processes
References
Chapter 20
Hydrotreating and Desulfurization
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Process Parameters and Reactors
20.2.1 Hydrogen Partial Pressure
20.2.2 Space Velocity
20.2.3 Reaction Temperature
20.2.4 Catalyst Life
20.2.5 Feedstock Effects
20.2.6 Reactors
20.2.6.1 Downflow Fixed-Bed Reactor
20.2.6.2 Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor
20.2.6.3 Demetallization Reactor (Guard Bed Reactor)
20.3 Commercial Processes
20.3.1 Autofining
20.3.2 Ferrofining
20.3.3 Gulf-HDS
20.3.4 Hydrofining
20.3.5 Isomax
20.3.6 Ultrafining
20.3.7 Unifining
20.3.8 Unionfining
20.3.9 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
20.3.9.1 Residuum Desulfurization and Vacuum
Residuum Desulfurization Process
20.3.9.2 Residfining Process
20.4 Catalysts
20.5 Biodesulfurization
20.6 Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing
References
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Chapter 21
Hydrocracking
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Commercial Processes
21.2.1 Process Design
21.2.1.1 Single-Stage and Two-Stage Options
21.2.2 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
21.2.2.1 Asphaltenic Bottom Cracking (ABC) Process
21.2.2.2 CANMET Hydrocracking Process
21.2.2.3 H-Oil Process
21.2.2.4 Hydrovisbreaking (HYCAR) Process
21.2.2.5 Hyvahl F Process
21.2.2.6 IFP Hydrocracking Process
21.2.2.7 Isocracking Process
21.2.2.8 LC-Fining Process
21.2.2.9 MAKfining Process
21.2.2.10 Microcat-RC Process
21.2.2.11 Mild Hydrocracking Process
21.2.2.12 MRH Process
21.2.2.13 RCD Unibon (BOC) Process
21.2.2.14 Residfining Process
21.2.2.15 Residue Hydroconversion (RHC) Process
21.2.2.16 Tervahl-H Process
21.2.2.17 Unicracking Process
21.2.2.18 Veba Combi Cracking Process
21.3 Catalysts
References
Chapter 22
Hydrogen Production
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen
22.2.1 Hydrotreating
22.2.2 Hydrocracking
22.3 Feedstocks
22.4 Process Chemistry
22.5 Commercial Processes
22.5.1 Heavy Residue Gasification and Combined
Cycle Power Generation
22.5.2 Hybrid Gasification Process
22.5.3 Hydrocarbon Gasification
22.5.4 Hypro Process
22.5.5 Pyrolysis Processes
22.5.6 Shell Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process
22.5.7 Steam–Methane Reforming
22.5.8 Steam–Naphtha Reforming
22.5.9 Synthesis Gas Generation
22.5.10 Texaco Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process
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22.6 Catalysts
22.6.1 Reforming Catalysts
22.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts
22.6.3 Methanation Catalysts
22.7 Hydrogen Purification
22.7.1 Wet Scrubbing
22.7.2 Pressure-Swing Adsorption Units
22.7.3 Membrane Systems
22.7.4 Cryogenic Separation
22.8 Hydrogen Management
References
Chapter 23
Product Improvement
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Reforming
23.2.1 Thermal Reforming
23.2.2 Catalytic Reforming
23.2.2.1 Fixed-Bed Processes
23.2.2.2 Moving-Bed Processes
23.2.2.3 Fluid-Bed Processes
23.3 Isomerization
23.3.1 Butamer Process
23.3.2 Butomerate Process
23.3.3 Hysomer Process
23.3.4 Iso-Kel Process
23.3.5 Isomate Process
23.3.6 Isomerate Process
23.3.7 Penex Process
23.3.8 Pentafining Process
23.4 Alkylation
23.4.1 Cascade Sulfuric Acid Alkylation
23.4.2 Hydrogen Fluoride Alkylation
23.5 Polymerization
23.5.1 Thermal Polymerization
23.5.2 Solid Phosphoric Acid Condensation
23.5.3 Bulk Acid Polymerization
23.6 Catalysts
23.6.1 Reforming Processes
23.6.2 Isomerization Processes
23.6.3 Alkylation Processes
23.6.4 Polymerization Processes
References
Chapter 24
Product Treating
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Commercial Processes
24.2.1 Caustic Processes
24.2.1.1 Dualayer Distillate Process
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24.2.1.2 Dualayer Gasoline Process
24.2.1.3 Electrolytic Mercaptan Process
24.2.1.4 Ferrocyanide Process
24.2.1.5 Lye Treatment
24.2.1.6 Mercapsol Process
24.2.1.7 Polysulfide Treatment
24.2.1.8 Sodasol Process
24.2.1.9 Solutizer Process
24.2.1.10 Steam Regenerative Caustic Treatment
24.2.1.11 Unisol Process
24.2.2 Acid Processes
24.2.2.1 Nalfining Process
24.2.2.2 Sulfuric Acid Treatment
24.2.3 Clay Processes
24.2.3.1 Alkylation Effluent Treatment
24.2.3.2 Arosorb Process
24.2.3.3 Bauxite Treatment
24.2.3.4 Continuous Contact Filtration Process
24.2.3.5 Cyclic Adsorption Process
24.2.3.6 Gray Clay Treatment
24.2.3.7 Percolation Filtration Process
24.2.3.8 Thermofor Continuous Percolation Process
24.2.4 Oxidative Processes
24.2.4.1 Bender Process
24.2.4.2 Copper Sweetening Process
24.2.4.3 Doctor Process
24.2.4.4 Hypochlorite Sweetening Process
24.2.4.5 Inhibitor Sweetening Process
24.2.4.6 Merox Process
24.2.5 Solvent Processes
24.2.5.1 Deasphalting
24.2.5.2 Solvent Refining
24.2.5.3 Dewaxing
References
Chapter 25
Gas Processing
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Gas Streams from Crude Oil
25.1.2 Gas Streams from Natural Gas
25.2 Gas Cleaning
25.3 Water Removal
25.3.1 Absorption
25.3.2 Solid Adsorbents
25.3.3 Use of Membranes
25.4 Liquids Removal
25.4.1 Extraction
25.4.2 Absorption
25.4.3 Fractionation of Natural Gas Liquids
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25.5 Nitrogen Removal
25.6 Acid Gas Removal
25.7 Enrichment
25.8 Fractionation
25.9 Claus Process
References
Chapter 26
Products
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Gaseous Fuels
26.2.1 Composition
26.2.2 Manufacture
26.2.3 Properties and Uses
26.3 Gasoline
26.3.1 Composition
26.3.2 Manufacture
26.3.3 Properties and Uses
26.3.4 Octane Numbers
26.3.5 Additives
26.4 Solvents (Naphtha)
26.4.1 Composition
26.4.2 Manufacture
26.4.3 Properties and Uses
26.5 Kerosene
26.5.1 Composition
26.5.2 Manufacture
26.5.3 Properties and Uses
26.6 Fuel Oil
26.7 Lubricating Oil
26.7.1 Composition
26.7.2 Manufacture
26.7.2.1 Chemical Refining Processes
26.7.2.2 Hydroprocessing
26.7.2.3 Solvent Refining Processes
26.7.2.4 Catalytic Dewaxing
26.7.2.5 Solvent Dewaxing
26.7.2.6 Finishing Processes
26.7.2.7 Older Processes
26.7.3 Properties and Uses
26.8 Other Oil Products
26.8.1 White Oil
26.8.2 Insulating Oil
26.8.3 Insecticides
26.9 Grease
26.9.1 Lime Soap
26.9.2 Soda Soap
26.9.3 Lithium and Barium Soap
26.9.4 Aluminum Soap
26.9.5 Cold Sett Grease
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26.10 Wax
26.10.1 Composition
26.10.2 Manufacture
26.10.3 Properties and Uses
26.11 Asphalt
26.11.1 Composition
26.11.2 Manufacture
26.11.3 Properties and Uses
26.12 Coke
26.13 Sulfonic Acids
26.14 Acid Sludge
26.15 Product Blending
References
Chapter 27
Petrochemicals
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Chemicals from Paraffins
27.2.1 Halogenation
27.2.2 Nitration
27.2.3 Oxidation
27.2.4 Alkylation
27.2.5 Thermolysis
27.3 Chemicals from Olefins
27.3.1 Hydroxylation
27.3.2 Halogenation
27.3.3 Polymerization
27.3.4 Oxidation
27.3.5 Miscellaneous
27.4 Chemicals from Aromatics
27.5 Chemicals from Acetylene
27.6 Chemicals from Natural Gas
27.7 Inorganic Petrochemicals
27.8 Synthesis Gas
References
Part IV
Environmental Issues
Chapter 28
Environmental Aspects of Refining
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Definitions
28.3 Environmental Regulations
28.3.1 Clean Air Act Amendments
28.3.2 Water Pollution Control Act (The Clean Water Act)
28.3.3 Safe Drinking Water Act
28.3.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
28.3.5 Toxic Substances Control Act
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
28.3.6 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
28.3.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act
28.3.8 Oil Pollution Act
28.3.9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
28.4 Process Analysis
28.4.1 Gaseous Emissions
28.4.2 Liquid Effluents
28.4.3 Solid Effluents
28.5 Epilog
References
Chapter 29
Refinery Wastes
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Process Wastes
29.2.1 Desalting
29.2.2 Distillation
29.2.3 Thermal Cracking and Visbreaking
29.2.4 Coking Processes
29.2.5 Fluid Catalytic Cracking
29.2.6 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating
29.2.7 Catalytic Reforming
29.2.8 Alkylation
29.2.9 Isomerization
29.2.10 Polymerization
29.2.11 Deasphalting
29.2.12 Dewaxing
29.2.13 Gas Processing
29.3 Types of Waste
29.3.1 Gases and Lower Boiling Constituents
29.3.2 Higher Boiling Constituents
29.3.3 Wastewater
29.3.4 Solid Waste
29.4 Waste Toxicity
29.5 Refinery Outlook
29.5.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations
29.5.2 Regulatory Background
29.5.3 Requirements
29.6 Management of Refinery Waste
References
Chapter 30
Environmental Analysis
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Petroleum and Petroleum Products
30.3 Leachability and Toxicity
30.4 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
30.4.1 Gas Chromatographic Methods
30.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy Methods
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
30.4.3 Gravimetric Methods
30.4.4 Immunoassay Methods
30.5 Petroleum Group Analysis
30.5.1 Thin Layer Chromatography
30.5.2 Immunoassay
30.5.3 Gas Chromatography
30.5.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
30.5.5 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
30.6 Petroleum Fractions
30.7 Assessment of the Methods
References
Conversion Factors
Glossary
🔍 Bài Viết Liên Quan Theo Tiêu Đề
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- An ninh điện lực và kiến nghị bổ sung Luật Điện lực Xodus enhance technology offering in Bream project (28/09/2012)
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- Petronas selects GE’s compressor technology for Asia’s first floating LNG project (25/09/2012)
#218/03/2008
Anh Thái thử coi lại giúp em,đường link trên ko vào được. 
🔒 Bấm Cảm ơn hoặc Trả lời để xem Link[1].gif" alt="" class="bb-img" loading="lazy">
#318/03/2008
Links mới của bạn đây:
🔒 Bấm Cảm ơn hoặc Trả lời để xem Link
or
🔒 Bấm Cảm ơn hoặc Trả lời để xem Link
Have a nice day!
🔒 Bấm Cảm ơn hoặc Trả lời để xem Link
or
🔒 Bấm Cảm ơn hoặc Trả lời để xem Link
Have a nice day!
#418/03/2008
Cảm ơn Long nhé, may nhờ L giúp mà mình khỏi phải mất công loay hoay từ sáng giờ. Đa tạ, xin đa tạ !! 🔒 Bấm Cảm ơn hoặc Trả lời để xem Link[1].gif" alt="" class="bb-img" loading="lazy">
#518/03/2008
Dont mention it hì hì.
Have a nice dream!
Have a nice dream!
Vui lòng đăng nhập để trả lời.