Như nhận xét của bá tánh thì cuốn của Bác Ketta viết hoành tráng hơn cuốn của Bác Lee. Sách bác Ketta giá nó cũng đắt hơn.
Trong cái cuốn mới nhất của Bác Ketta có cái bài viết về FCC như sau:
Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactors:Basic Concepts and Hydrodynamics
Introduction
Circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) consist of two basic designs, as shown in Fig. 1.
One design involves a fast-fluidized bed where high gas velocities convey a substantial
amount of solids to one or more cyclones. The separated particles are fed
back to the fluidized bed using a standpipe. The second basic design uses a riser
to convey solids to one or more cyclones. The separated particles are fed to an
optional fluidized bed and then back to the riser. Solids flow rates can be controlled
using nonmechanical L- and J-valves or using a mechanical slide valve.
The large-scale commercial realization of CFBs occurred in the early 1940s,
although some coal gasification was done in a fluidized bed as early as 1926 [1].
With the increased demand for gasoline during World War II, major efforts were
underway to develop reactors to crack petroleum feedstocks into usable fuels more
productively than the moving bed or snake reactors (i.e., the Houndry Process)
used at that time. The result was a fluidized catalyst cracker (FCC), where high
catalyst circulation rates allowed a balance between the exothermic burning of
coke on the catalyst in the regenerator and the endothermic hydrocracking of petroleum
in the reactor. The continuous circulation or regeneration of catalyst provided
fresh catalyst for petroleum cracking and thereby resulted in high sustainable productivities.
With the addition of a stripping section after the reactor, even higher
yields were obtained. The addition of steam, CO2, or other inerts would remove
the product from and around catalyst particles flowing toward the regenerator.
Today, the evolution of the FCC unit has results into several basic designs, as
shown in Fig. 2.
In 1960, circulating fluidized beds contributed to another breakthrough process
for the petroleum and chemical industry. Standard Oil of Ohio (SOHIO) developed
a fluidized-bed reactor for the ammoxidation of propene to acrylonitrile. Previous
technology was done in tube-and-shell fixed-bed reactors. However, the high heat
of reaction of 160 kcal/mol limited the economic feasibility of those units. The
high heat transfer characteristic of fluidized-bed reactors made them ideal for the
production of acrylonitrile. Today, nearly all large-scale acrylonitrile plants are
based on the SOHIO design, with capacities up to 180,000 tons per year [4].
The greatest challenge in developing the SOHIO process was in the management
of backmixing. The inherent hydrodynamics of fluidized beds, where solids
and, to a lesser extent, gas circulate from the top of the bed to the bottom, then
to the top again, would have a deleterious effect on acrylonitrile selectivity. To
overcome backmixing, SOHIO developed sieve trays to compartmentalize the gas
flow in the fluidized-bed reactor to resemble a more plug-flow characteristic [5].
In 1979, SOHIO redesigned the acrylonitrile reactor to more of a ‘‘tube-and-shell’’
fluidized-bed unit [6], as shown in Fig. 3.
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* Author: Kirk Othmer et al
* Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
* Number Of Pages: 22950
* Publication Date: 2007-05-16
* ISBN / ASIN:
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* Binding: Loose Leaf
* CD-ROM Version: 2007
* Price: $10.000 US
* Source: gigapedia.org
* Submitted By: rs- (Thanks to anonymous TEAM JWSiSO Member)
* Format: CD ISO with all PDF-Files of articles and their HTML-abstracts, full-text searchable 100 MB PDF-Index (in Root-Directory of CD-ROM) RAR'ed (4 x 100 MB + 27 MB)
CD-ROM Description:
The fifth edition of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology builds upon the solid foundation of the previous editions, which have proven to be a mainstay for chemists, biochemists, and engineers at academic, industrial, and government institutions since publication of the first edition in 1949. The new edition includes necessary adjustments and modernisation of the content to reflect changes and developments in chemical technology.
Presenting a wide scope of articles on chemical substances, properties, manufacturing, and uses; on industrial processes, unit operations in chemical engineering; and on fundamentals and scientific subjects related to the field. The Encyclopedia describes established technology along with cutting edge topics of interest in the wide field of chemical technology, whilst uniquely providing the necessary perspective and insight into pertinent aspects, rather than merely presenting information:
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which may need to be given a .NRG extension. NRG is a proprietary disc image format used by Nero, requiring Nero to open and burn as a CD/DVD.
Or, this can be converted to an .ISO file (which can be opened by WinRAR). You can convert it to an .ISO disc image using nrg2iso - download:
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